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Sudden Branch Drop
Given enough time, most branches will break. What causes them to break before they are dead or obviously defective has been an ongoing question for many years. Branches have been known to “suddenly” break and drop (SBD). The current understanding of this phenomena is summarized by Costello( 8) and Harris, etal (9)
Shigo puts forth the hypothesis that SBD is the result of internal wood cracks failing due to dryness(10). As stated above, cracks are commonly inhabited by wetwood organisms. Shigo observed that trees with cracks and the associated wetwood seldom failed. It was only when the wetwood dried out that the cracks materialized into a stem or branch failure.
To test this hypothesis, he bent stems with artificial cuts to simulate cracks. It was only when heat was applied to the cuts (to force drying) that the stems broke. He admits this was a crude experiment, but that it would be refined and further tested by engineers at the Univ. of N.H. I have not been able to find out if this was ever done.
The other part of this discussion is that as cracks progress as a result of loading, the branch or trunk tends to split into two “beams”. One beam may slide or move over the other. The wetwood may act as a lubricant. If and as it dries out, the friction may be more than the two beams can handle and fracture occurs.
In a discussion of fracture mechanics, it is reported that plant tissues are more sensitive to water content and temperature (than metals). Also, fracture toughness across the grain can be 20 times greater than toughness parallel to the grain (11). These thoughts may add some background to Shigo’s work.
After cutting thousands of stem parts, it is obvious that internal wood cracks are abundant. What is not so obvious is why don’t more limbs break? This may be answered, at least in part, by the fact that wood typically fails gradually and retains overall integrity well into the realm of irreversible condition before it actually breaks apart. Partial failures may exist for a long time (12).
interestingly we had a Morus drop a lever branch mid afternoon on Friday, it failed at the branch union.
regards
Dave