Fungus
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Everything posted by Fungus
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Matt, This is not Lycoperdon perlatum, but a Bovista species.
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Erich, And your point, apart from again not answering any of the before asked questions and for the fourth time showing, you have no idea what you are talking about, is ? And could you explain and elaborate on the connection between the first and the second citation ? 1. Again agricultural. 2. So are many other far less expensive artificial and/or natural media. 3. For your information : Paxillus involutus is a super generalist among the ectomycorrhizal macrofungi of the pioneer and final phases of the life cycles of lots of deciduous and coniferous trees, a species of which the mycelium has not lost its capacity to decompose dead wood when it temporarely has to live without contact to the roots of a symbiotic tree partner.
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In beech, there's an one on one connection between a major branch and a major root, which implicates, that if you completely cut one of them off, you will kill the other without the tree being able to compensate for the loss. The mycelium of O. mucida lives close to, but just outside the area of living tissue of a branch, which dies of other causes. As a root parasite "travels" outward in on/in a root, O. mucida shifts and moves along in the direction of the base of the branch. Once the FB's of O. mucida reach the attachment of the branch to the tree, one can often see the root parasite fruiting at the same time at the base of the trunk underneath it.
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With O. mucida fruiting on a branch close to or on the ground, always look up and try to determine where the branch broke off, because it often is an indicator of annual parasitic macrofungi (Meripilus giganteus, Armillaria species) attacking and killing a corresponding root from the end of the root towards the base of the trunk.
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I do with this beauty fruiting inside a cavity in the trunk of an old horse chestnut !
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In The Netherlands, where it is very common too, it is also associated with silver leaf disease caused by Chondrostereum purpureum. In garden centers, Prunus serrulata sometimes is sold with Astkriecher of P. tuberculosus in the "armpits" or at the downside of branches.
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David, No, that's a different species of processionary moth : Thaumetopoea pityocampa.
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Because of its powerful, but rather unstable fungicide and anti-biotic properties, theoretically it could, but one would need a lot of work (and financial funding) for scientifically valid monitoring and evaluating the in vivo experiments needed to prove the supposed effects.
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Heston, Even though OPM is widespread over the entire country with the exception of the Wadden islands, in The Netherlands (and Western Germany), OPM has been confined to solitary oaks and/or oaks in lanes or along roadsides with poorly developed tree species specific ecosystems and soil food webs with a lack of tree species specific symbiotic ectomycorrhizal macrofungi caused by ammonia deposition and air and water polution, which makes the trees less capable of defending their leaves against OPM and other insects because of incomplete assimilation (lowered levels of acid and tannine production) in the base of the trunk. This far, natural oak woodlands with intact tree species specific ecosystems have hardly been affected to not affected at all.
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I should have been more specific. Allicin secretion of Alliaceae serves to kill or oppress further development of the mycelia of competing symbiotic endo- or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the soil food web. The mycelia of parasitic fungi produce and use totally different toxics (antibiotics, fungicides) to defend their territories inside trees against competing fungi, which implicates, that allicin probably will have no or little effect on parasitic fungi, because they use (far) more powerful toxics, which are even capable of killing living tissue of trees defending themselves with acids, tannines and resins against their attacks.
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Documentation of the biotrophic parasitic Phellinus tuberculosus (= P. pomaceus) slowly killing six about 40 years old plum trees standing in a row. Together with the development of perennial brackets, the mycelium causes the formation of egg to fist size cankers (tubercules, tumors) on the major branches of the crown. After 10 to 15 years the crowns have lost most of their branches. Photo 1. "Withdrawing" perennial bracket on major branch. Photo 2. Perennial bracket on thin branch. Photo 3. Astkriecher (white rot). Photo 4. Cankers (tubercules, tumors) Photo 5. Fist size canker. Photo 6. Brackets and cankers. Photo 7. Heart rot of split branch. Photo 8. Rot of base of broken off branch. ---
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William, I have not yet seen any research based evidence of these suggested positive effects.
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So did I and I also collected it from Ulmus, Populus, Euonymus and often from Fagus, on which it can fruit with single "ears" measuring up to 15 centimetres in diameter.
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Tony, Also look up high on dead ashes, because on two of the trees killed by Chalara fraxinea, I saw Hirneola auricula-judae fruiting on or at the base of major and minor branches at 6 to 10 metres height. See photo. ---
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William, Correct if introduced slowly but directly into the soil (food web), but not without having caused the death of already present endo- and/or ectomycorrhizal micro- and macrofungi first, which made the trees even more vulnerable to invasions of parasitic bacteria and/or micro- and macrofungi, because they lacked their natural root defense systems.
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William, The trunk injections were part of an experiment on prevention of infection (like was/is done with injecting Ulmus against Dutch elm disease) with the bacteria, not on treatment of already infected trees and the only effect documented was the side effect of withholding some of the larvae from developing and spreading. The dripping method also was used to "treat" the roots of oaks infected with OPM with the same detrimental results for the ectomycorrhizal macrofungi associated with Quercus robur, because of the strong toxic effects of allicin, which is produced by Alliaceae to keep their territory within the soil food web free from competing mycorrhizae or mycelia of fungi and of parasitic bacteria and larvae or nematodes.
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Yes and no. Both methods aimed at directly (spray) or indirectly (transport from roots to leaves) killing the larvae of the moth, thus implicitely enabling the tree to better defend itself against the bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae), but the second method - instead of protecting the roots - killed the already present endomycorrhizal microfungi in the soil food web with detrimental effects for the condition (water and nutrient uptake) of the tree.
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Tony, The anamorphs were 0.5 to 1.0 centimetres in diameter, they grew on an one to two fingers thick dead branch hanging downward at about 2.5 metres height, I had to bent it down to make the photo. The bark necrosis was on 2.5 metres height at the trunk of a 60-80 years old still living ash and measured about 1.5 metres vertical times 30 centimetres horizontal.
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Sean, Two examples of brackets of Ganoderma lucidum, one species specific, i.e. "the spitting cobra lifting it's head", and one rather a-typical for the species. ---
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Last weekend, I found several partially or completely dead ashes on the Danish island Falster near the light tower of Gedser. I for the first time was able to extensively document the anamorphs (photo 1/2/3), the bark necrosis (photo 4) on the trunk and the died branches or defoliated crowns (photo 5/6) myself. ---
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Allan, In The Netherlands, field experiments with two methods of applying allicin to infected trees took place : - spraying the leaves, which was rather effective, but lead to complaints from people in the neighbourhood because of the garlic smell - using slow dripping devices half-immersed in the soil to deliver the fluid to the finer roots, which caused the already present endomycorrhizal microfungi to die, because garlic and other Allium species produce allicin to defend their soil territories against invasions of mycelia of plant and tree dependend endomycorrhizal fungi, which are competitive to and not species specific for symbiotic microfungi associated with Allium. Besides, I speculated, that the fast and widespread expansion of the bacteria could be caused by insects (flies, butterflies, wasps) eating from the secretion of the diseased tree and carrying the bacteria to other trees with their feet.
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Correct : *?*? being the sugar polymere cellulose (= energy).
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Rob, Probably with rusty brown spores : a perennial Ganoderma species, i.e. G. australe. However, if with white spores : Phellinus igniarius.
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1. Because they are sterile panic fruitings, that died directly after they were formed. 2. Very detrimental to the stability of the tree : high risk of wind throw.
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1/4. A still developing myxomycete, maybe Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa or Mucilago crustacea. 2. Myxomycete : Arcyria cf. denudata. 3. Myxomycete : Lycogala epidendrum + young Xylaria hypoxylon. 5. Psathyrella piluliformis (= P. hydrophila). 6/7/8. Probably Schizopora paradoxa. 9. Trichaptum abietinum.
