Fungus

David, Gymnopilus sp. = Lacrymaria lacrymabunda (= Psathyrella velutina) and Coprinus sp. = C. atramentarius.

Daniel, You're referring to ZOAB (= very open asphalt concrete), that is not porous and doesn't let through water, I presume ?

1. Correct. 2. No, the other beeches would need identification of the Ganoderma species first before further investigation, assessment of the decay and diagnosis of the condition of each one of the trees.

1. In The Netherlands, we had two cases, one of a root of Quercus robur and one of a root of a Tilia, send out for over 25 metres under tarmac into a garden and then below ground level penetrating the wall of a cellar, which once inside had Xerocomus (= Boletus) chrysenteron fruiting from the root's tip. 2. Only tree species, such as Acer, associated with endomycorrhizal microfungi are capable of doing that, because there is enough moisture from condensation and more important, enough oxygen present to "support" the mycorrhizae on/inside the fine roots, which do not need to fruit with FB's above ground level to spread their spores.

Apart from Alnus, and less effectively Salix and Populus, which (can) have an ectomycorrhizal pioneer species of the genus Alnicola (= Naucoria) attached to their under water roots, that can live under anaerobic circumstances, because they get their oxygen delivered through/by the tree roots, all other tree species associating with ectomycorrhizal symbionts have species of macrofungi attached to their roots that drown and die when they reach as far as or further than the water table. And superficially rooting tree species such as Fagus have water avoiding roots with too long or permanently under water intolerant ectomycorrhizal symbionts attached to them.

Rob, Pics 7-10 : not Ganoderma's, but probably a species with white spores, such as Rigidoporus ulmarius or Perenniporia fraxinus. Pics 15-19 : .

1. In this case, yes. 2. Depending on the colour of the spores, yes, I do, but for now I can assure you it's not a Pleurotus species.

Sean, For starters, first determine the colour of the spores. Are they whitish or oker to rusty brown ?

Sean, Among mycologists, it's a well known and documented fact. One of my Dutch colleagues published it in a 1996 paper on the - on the long run - non-sense of commercial mycorrhizal inoculates after critically reviewing 200.000 articles on the subject of introducing mycorrhizae to the roots of nursery and new (re)planted trees.

True, and the compensatory capability of trees, such as beech and Acer, to form water "containers" (see photo) from "strangulation roots" at the side of the tree where roots have died or have no access to water because of compaction of the soil. Also see my Beech & Laccaria amethystina thread. ---

Drizzle rain and fog droplets are transported to the dripping zone by leaves shaped to hold water and slowly drip it from the sharp point at the top of the leave (see photo). ---

Paul, This is only true for tree species with a relatively open canapy and not for tree species, such as beech, with leaves that transport rain towards the dripping zone of the outer crown projection. Besides, that's not where most of the mycorrhized fine roots are responsible for transporting the moisture to and dividing it over the total root system of the tree.

Sean, Thanks for sharing, but I'm more concerned with a lack of oxygen, because mycorrhizal fungi need 20 % more than fine tree roots and root hairs, than a lack of moisture or water, as the reallocation of moisture and rehydrating of the soil for the greater part takes place via the hyphae and mycelia of the mycorrhizal symbionts.

Sloth, The one on Eucalyptus, because it might be a (European) first.

Tobias, for the gnome that is to wear this trollhättan.

Documentation of the interaction of the pioneer ectomycorrhizal symbiont Laccaria amethystina with the fine roots of beech and its seedlings. Photo 1. Fruiting of L. amethystina in the dripping zone of the outer crown projection from the fine roots of two neighbouring beeches, that drop most of their seeds in this area. In this zone, the to the ectmycorrhizae on the fine roots of the "mother" trees connected hyphae of L. amethystina colonize the seedlings' roots directly after germination to establish a "nursing" relationship (providing energy/sugar) between the "mother" tree and the seedling until the young beech can stand on its own depending on its own foliage. Photo 2. Small group of FB's probably fruiting from a constricted fine root complexion of the "mother" tree. Photo 3. Mycelium of L. amethystina attached to and superficially decomposing leaves and taking up nutrients from them to "feed" to the fine roots it is connected to. Photo 4. Ectomycorrhizae of L. amethystina on the fine roots of the "mother" tree, which are only present in the top two oxygen and moisture rich centimetres of the leave litter, where the seeds germinate. Photo 5. Magnification (20 x) of the smooth compact ectomycorrhizal sheet surrounding the fine roots. From these sheets, hyphae of 2 µm in diameter stretch out into the soil to uptake water and nutrients from the soil food web and transport it to the roots. ---

David, Wouldn't the tarmac after same time be clotted with and compacted by sand, salt and other fine materials and loose it's porous and rain seeping in & through character ?

Daniel, I already contacted the local Tree Foundations and asked them to have a look and give their opinion, because both "Kerkepad" trees are in a book on 250 special (veteran) trees (Bijzondere bomen in Nederland, Bomenstichting, 2010) in The Netherlands and are on the national tree monument list.

It certainly would, to me it looks like G. pfeifferi, so "striking of a match close to the (if present) yellow wax layer test" first and then microscope.

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Guy, I've answered both questions you over and over again ask several times, so search through my posts and find the answers yourself.

I was, I gave him my card and told him to ring me if he wanted an offer on paper and said that I used to be her Majesty the Queen's tree consultant for the royal palace parks in The Hague too.

Yes, private property since several centuries.

... or Nectria ditissima combined with Armillaria mellea, as I suggested before.

Daniel, I suppose so, as the owner of the estate a few weeks ago invited me in for tea, because he wanted to consult me on the infections of about 20 % of his oaks with rhizomorphs of Armillaria without paying for my time and advice .